by Mithu Storoni: Why breathing is so important in Yoga?
Hatha Yoga can be seen as a complete workout for the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both stimulated in turn during forward and backward bends, muscle contraction stimulates sympathetic activity, as does the actual process of stretching. Suddenly, at the end of a posture, you are brought back to baseline. You experience a relaxation (parasympathetic) signal as your muscles relax from tension and stretching.
Yoga trains the Mind to deal with Stress
Yoga involves controlled entry into a pose- or asana- holding the pose in complete stillness, then a controlled release. As you go through this workout, it takes strong prefrontal cortex activity to maintain your concentration and stillness. As you hold a posture, your prefrontal cortex is countering the raised sympathetic signal as it keeps you focused. This is how you train your mind to keep your stress signal under control. As your mind learns how to do this, you get better at doing this even outside of the yoga room. Eventually, with practice, you will be able to maintain self-control in most stressful settings.
When faced with this challenge of overcoming your sympathetic signal in order to concentrate, you can help your mind by using a simple tool at your disposal: your breathing.
Train your mind to keep your stress signal under control
Respiratory-sympathetic coupling
The heart and lungs have a common purpose in delivering oxygen around the body. The lungs fill trucks with oxygen and the heart pushes those trucks onto the highway across the body to deliver it. It makes sense for the heart and the lungs to work together as a team and we know that the heart’s activity changes as the pattern of breathing changes.
The autonomic nervous system controls the heart. Its sympathetic nervous system half makes the heart beat faster and stronger and the parasympathetic nervous system half does the opposite. When the heart slows down in response to slow, deep breathing, it does so because of a reduced sympathetic nervous system signal being sent to the heart.
Whenever we breathe in, a nerve called the phrenic nerve makes the flat sheet of muscle at the bottom of our lungs (the diaphragm) contract, which sucks air into our lungs. The phrenic nerve is turned on and off by a signal generator. Nerves that control the process of breathing line a part of the brain’s medulla called the ‘ventral respiratory column’. Within this column lies a specific nerve circuit known as a respiratory ‘central pattern generator’. We also find nerves mediating the sympathetic nerve signal (in the rostral ventrolateral medulla) in this exact same region. We think that such close proximity of breathing signal generators and the nerves mediating ‘sympathetic’ signals may explain why one can so closely influence the other. Breathing changes the sympathetic signal and the sympathetic signal changes how we breathe. The two are tightly linked.
This region also receives information from pressure receptors in the neck and aorta (baroreceptors) as well as carbon dioxide ‘alarms’ scattered around the body. Yoga poses also stimulate these baroreceptors during bends.
Breathing in Yoga
When it comes to yoga, the sympathetic signal-lowering effects of slow deep breathing compliment the efforts of the prefrontal cortex in trying to focus, concentrate and attain a relaxed mental state. Breathing is like an additional tool to calm down a sympathetic signal.
Studies
Although there are not many studies on the effect of changing the pattern of breathing on the sympathetic signal, the studies that do exist suggest that we might be able to control our breathing to bring down our sympathetic nerve signal, at least in some cases.
Slow and steady breathing has been shown to suppress baseline sympathetic activity when this is high. As the lungs expand during inspiration, the sympathetic signal goes down. Reducing the rate of breathing reduces the sympathetic signal. In one experiment on patients with chronic heart failure who tend to have high sympathetic signals at rest, reducing the rate of breathing from 16 breaths per minute to about 7 breaths per minute and breathing in twice the usual volume of air resulted in a lowering of the sympathetic signal (as detected in muscle), by a third.
A high blood pressure can be a sign of a high sympathetic signal. An abnormally high blood pressure may be lowered through controlled breathing. In one small study, taking slow, deep breaths for only 5 minutes at a rate of 6 breaths per minute brought high blood pressures down. In another study on patients with diabetes and a high blood pressure, guided breathing sessions for 12 minutes every day for two months was found to reduce the sympathetic signal reaching the heart (seen as a raised heart rate variability index) and reduce pulse pressure.
Yoga: a special scenario
During yoga, we see another interesting dynamic taking place. As we move from posture to posture, we are sometimes stimulating pressure receptors in the neck (baroreceptors). This stimulation feeds into the signal generator in the medulla, lowering the sympathetic signal. Forward bending poses will do this. If, when we are in a forward bend, we also breathe slowly and deeply, we see a spectacular effect on the sympathetic signal going to the heart as shown in an intriguing case report published in the Journal of Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. A healthy young woman was first made to lie flat, then placed so her head was 45 degrees lower than her heart.
When lying flat, her heart slowed down as she breathed a bit more deeply (a phenomenon known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia or RSA). As she breathed 50% more deeply, her RSA doubled, as we would expect. When lying with her head at 45 degrees below her heart, however, this relationship became far more pronounced. In this position, the RSA reached 450% the level at baseline in the lying flat position. Superimposing the head down position with deeper breathing volumes resulted in an extreme RSA, an extreme variation in the sympathetic/parasympathetic signals reaching the heart, suggesting that all these signals act together in synergy, rather then in a simple additive manner.
Feeling the heat
If you practise hot yoga, you can use your breathing even more effectively to bring down your sympathetic signal as heat seems to make the effect of breathing on the sympathetic signal even stronger!
In Practice
Inhaling deeply and bringing the breathing rate right down can bring the sympathetic signal down. This explains why Pranayama breathing techniques can induce a state of relaxation. Slow, deep breathing techniques can reduce the stress signal temporarily and even help dampen an impending stress response. Focusing on breathing during the practice of Yoga can help you achieve focus and calmness in the face of overwhelming autonomic stimulation. Learning to use breathing to help yourself focus and achieve calmness can be taken out of the yoga room and put into practice in the real world. In the yoga room, you will remember the feeling of your mind reaching peak concentration in the face of stress and with repeated practice, you will be able to repeat that feat anywhere, anytime.
